German Shepherds, celebrated for their intelligence, loyalty, and versatility, are unfortunately prone to a number of inherited health issues. These genetic predispositions arise from the breed’s history, specifically from inbreeding practices aimed at rapidly establishing breed standards. While responsible breeding can mitigate these risks, understanding the common genetic issues is crucial for anyone who owns or plans to own a German Shepherd.
The Legacy of Selective Breeding
Selective breeding, while intended to enhance desired traits, has inadvertently amplified the risk of certain genetic disorders in German Shepherds. This is because reducing the gene pool can increase the likelihood of puppies inheriting detrimental genes from both parents.
Common Genetic Issues in German Shepherds
- Hip Dysplasia: This is a widespread issue in German Shepherds, caused by the breed being bred to have sloped backs. The sloped back causes the dog to move asymmetrically, putting more weight on the front legs. This leads to a lack of muscle balance that misaligns the hip socket and femur. This misalignment can cause significant pain, and some dogs require surgery.
- Elbow Dysplasia: Similar to hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia involves abnormal development of the elbow joint, leading to arthritis and pain.
- Degenerative Myelopathy (DM): DM is a severe spinal cord disease that leads to progressive weakness and paralysis, beginning in the hind legs. It is an incurable condition that significantly impacts the dog’s quality of life.
- Spinal Issues: German Shepherds are prone to spinal issues such as degenerative myelopathy and degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. The latter is correlated to sloped backs, which is a trait favored by breeders. German Shepherds with this condition may experience pain and weakness in their lower back, hind legs, and tail. They may also suffer from incontinence, stiffness, and difficulty sitting, standing, jumping or climbing.
- Hemophilia A/Factor VIII Deficiency: This is an inherited bleeding disorder where the dog’s blood does not clot properly due to a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII. This can lead to excessive bleeding, even from minor injuries.
- Von Willebrand Disease: Another bleeding disorder, Von Willebrand disease affects the blood’s ability to clot, leading to a risk of severe and uncontrollable bleeding. Symptoms can include spontaneous bleeding from the nose, mouth, genitals, or urinary tract.
- Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD): This inherited blood disorder affects the immune system and blood clotting abilities of German Shepherds.
- Renal Cystadenocarcinoma and Nodular Dermatofibrosis (RCND): RCND is an inherited cancer that affects the kidneys and skin of German Shepherds.
- Hyperuricosuria (HUU): Hyperuricosuria is an inherited disorder characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the urine, which can lead to the formation of bladder or kidney stones.
- X-linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: This condition affects tissues derived from the ectoderm and causes abnormal development of the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and exocrine glands.
- Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII): MPS VII is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by skeletal abnormalities, retarded development, excessively lax joints, and difficulty standing and walking.
- Other common disorders: German Shepherds are prone to other common disorders such as inflammation of the ear canal, osteoarthritis, diarrhea, overweight and obesity, and aggression.
The Impact of “Sloped Backs”
The sloped back, a characteristic seen in many American German Shepherd show lines, has been linked to several health problems. This conformation, where the hindquarters are significantly lower than the shoulders, can cause an asymmetrical walk, putting more weight on the front legs. This can lead to hip dysplasia and other musculoskeletal issues. Some argue that breeding for this aesthetic trait has compromised the breed’s functionality and overall health.
Responsible Breeding and Genetic Testing
Responsible breeders prioritize the health and well-being of their dogs. They utilize genetic testing to screen for inheritable diseases, reducing the likelihood of passing on these conditions to future generations.
Genetic testing can identify carriers: Even if a dog doesn’t show symptoms of a disease, it can still carry the gene and pass it on to its offspring. Genetic testing can identify these carriers, allowing breeders to make informed decisions.
Health panels: Comprehensive health panels are available that test for a range of genetic conditions common in German Shepherds. These panels can help breeders make informed decisions about which dogs to breed, reducing the risk of producing puppies with genetic disorders.
Mitigating Risks
While genetics play a significant role, environmental factors and lifestyle also impact a German Shepherd’s health.
- Proper Diet and Exercise: Maintaining a healthy weight and providing regular exercise can help reduce the strain on joints and minimize the risk of musculoskeletal problems.
- Regular Veterinary Care: Regular checkups with a veterinarian can help detect health issues early, allowing for prompt treatment and management.
- Consider a straight-backed German Shepherd: If you are concerned about the health issues that result from sloped backs, consider adopting a straight-backed German Shepherd.
A Call for Change
There is a growing call for breeders to prioritize health and functionality over exaggerated physical traits. By focusing on producing dogs with sound structure and temperament, breeders can help improve the overall health and well-being of the German Shepherd breed.